Og til dere som er redd for HIV-smitte: om ikke denne jenta heller HIV-positiv sжd ned i et ferskt еpent sеr, tror jeg ikke dere burde vжre sе bekymret. Og hvorfor er dere bekymret i det hele tatt? Dette angеr vel ikke dere? Fetishen er litt sжr/spesiell, men for all del, det finnes rarere ting (folk som blir genuint forelsket i objekter som gjerder og bygninger og mye annet). Jeg mе jo bare si at dette er noe av det mest avskylige jeg har lest, tenker du pе HVILKE hull de kondomene har vжrt i? Hva slags kjшnnssykdommer de som har brukt dem har? Andre infeksjoner/virus? Om du absolutt skal samle pе dem, sе ram dem inn, det blir litt mer "hygenisk"da i det minste ! Jeg er ikke sneversynt, og har man sett bare йn episode av "tabu", vil man forstе at mennesker er forskjellig og har de rareste fetisjer:) Til alle dere som kommer med жsj, ekkelt, og kvalmende kommentarer. FYYY! for i denne verden har vi ALLE former av FETISJER og HOBBYER alt fra dшde dyr til gud vet hva. (bare sjekk tvserien til TLC My Strange Addiction ) Jeg шnsker deg lykke til med е klare 10.000 :) "En dag skal jeg klare 10.000, det ser jeg frem til". Nеr jeg gеr ute pе gaten, blir jeg sett pе som kondom-Tonje, det er ikke sе veldig kjekt. Jeg er et helt normalt menneske som alle andre. Tonje (27) fra Harstad er ikke som andre mennesker. Det begynte i 2010 da hennes ekskjжreste kom hjem med en pakke kondomer. Det var noe med lukten, sier Tonje, som mener at gummilukten fra kondomer, er den beste lukten i verden. En kvinne eller mann som ikke er redd for е si hva de liker i sengen er mye modigere enn dere som gjemmer dere bak latterlige brukernavn pе dating/fetisj sider. Eller i dette tilfellet en blogg. Lukter vel mer sex enn gummi i det huset nеr de er brukt Du har et fantastisk kunstprosjekt pе gang her som er veldig interessant. Uten at du helt er klar over det selv. altsе. det er greit hun har en hobby. det er ogsе greit е elske sex og samleie, men det virker ikke som om enkelte av dere som har kommentert skjшnner hva som menes med felleshull. det er ei som mange fra samme sted puler pе. det er et felleshull. Tonje hadde mange venner i sin vennekrets, men hennes rare samlemani har skapt sterke reaksjoner. De fleste vennene hennes har valgt og ta avstand fra henne, sе lenge hun holder pе med det hun gjшr. Jeg samler pе gamle mobiltelefoner. Syke, syke kjжrring! Sе artig da, tшft av henne е vise det frem og! Liker mennesker som skiller seg ut, som gjшr ting som ikkje er dagligdags, og som lever livet sitt akkurat slik dem шnsker! Altsе, en fetish er ikke noe man kan kontrollere. Dere er veldig ignorante som sier "hvorfor gjшr hun dette?" Det tilfredstiller hun. Det er det en fetish er. Det er bokstavelig talt en fetish for absolutt alt, og dette er langt ifra det verste jeg har hшrt. Dette skader ingen, sе slutt е vжre sе jжvlig bedшmmende. Hadde jeg hatt sex, skulle hun gjerne fеtt noen kondomer. Jeg fikk flere og flere kondomer hele tiden, det var den beste fшlelsen i hele verden. Jeg fшler meg lykkelig nеr jeg gеr i postkassen, det er som julaften hver dag for meg. og tenk kor mange andre som fеr litt lykke av henne da hehe :D sе ropar sidan den heile hop. I don't want to live on this planet anymore. P Til ettertanke til alle som liker е mene for mye om andre: Er nok derfor feks Facebook er blitt sе populжr. folk liker е mene og ytre noe om andre enn seg selv. og fшlg denne linken. og les nr.1 pе listen der. sе ennе mere til ettertanke. ) е hjelpa den, som det trenger mest. Dette er kanskje noe av det sykeste jeg har lest i det lange livet jeg har levd. Jeg skjшnner hvorfor det er mange her som prшver е beskytte henne og skal jeg vжre helt жrlig sе synes jeg de som faktisk sender kondomer med sжd i til henne er nesten like syk i hodet som hun. Dette ser ikke jeg pе som normalt, kanskje hun er normal nеr det kommer til alt annet enn dette, MEN her mе det ha oppstеtt en koblingsfeil i hjernen hennes. JA vi mennesker gjшr mange rare ting, men vi gjшr mye som faktisk ikke er normalt og det fеr konsekvenser i dette samfunnet. Min tankegang er at hvis hun er i stand til е gjшre dette, sе la oss si at hun faktisk slutta med det en dag og plustelig fikk barn. Hva er det da som tilsier at hun ikke vil gjшre dette igjen og da med et barn tilstedet i leiligheten. Jeg sier ikke at hun aldri i livet burde fе lov til е fе barn, jeg sier at hun burde vжre pliktet til е ha oppsшkt en psykolog fшr hun vurderer е fе barn eller hvis hun blir gravid med et uhell. For jeg setter meg ikke inn i hennes situasjon som mange av dere kanskje sier jeg burde, men jeg setter meg i det eventuelle barnet sin situasjon hun kan fе i senere tid, hvis jeg hadde mеttet vokst opp med en mor som hun. Tenk dere den skaden det gjшr pе et barn hvis man vokser opp med en mor som blir kalt for kondom-tonje og fra dagen man blir fшdt til dagen man dшr sе fеr man hшre historier om at moren sin hadde samlet 10.000 brukte kondomer med sжd i hengende over hele leiligheten sin. Sе hver sе snill Tonje, tenk pе framtiden din! Det er ogsе en av grunnene til hvorfor Tonje den dag i dag er singel. Vedda pе at alle som kommenter drit ikke tшrr е fortell om det sжre de lika ;) Sе langt har Tonje 1921 kondomer i hele leiligheten sin, hengende pе veggen i alle rom. det er ikke noe gжrn е pule mye. sex er digg. gjerne med folk du ikke kjenner ;) da er det deiligst. de som har noe mot i det .er ofte de som aldri fе seg noe :O. du skal ogsе fе en brukt kondom av meg med bilde pе tonje ! Jeg gikk inn etter en liten stund, og spurte om de brukte kondom, det gjorde de sе jeg sa de bare kunne ligge kondomen pе nattbordet mitt, sе kaster jeg den, men det gjorde jeg jo ikke. er da ting som er mшe verre en е samle pе brukte kondomer Stusser over at hun er sе еpen om det dog, det vil i seg selv sjokkere hvermannsen og kvinnsen virtual casino bonus 7, uansett kan jo haterne gе videre i stillhet. Helt enig med deg Kristin og for dere menner som sier hun er en felles hull, hvis dere hopper i seng med saa maange damer saa skal dere si disse menner er tцf, saa dumt er menn verlden ! SЕ dersom dette kan gjшre henne lykkelig. Sе bra. og sе kult at hun stеr frem med det. Tonje sier at noen ganger kan hun skaffe seg 20 brukte kondomer pе en dag. Noen ganger betaler hun opp mot 500 kroner for en brukt kondom. Hun forteller ogsе at hun betaler en ekstra hundrelapp, om de sender med et bilde av seg selv. litt usikkert pе om det faktisk stеr at ho har sex med mange. man kan tolke setningen pе en annen mеte ogsе. at ho far sine venner sender ho masse kondomer, hvis ikke de hadde gjort det sе hadde ho hatt sex med mange ho ikke kjenner. eller sе har ho faktisk hatt sex med mange ho ikke kjenner. uansett dette er en hobby som alt annet. litt morsom og unik hobby :) Du som sier du har utdanning til lege osv, Kan ikke du definere Normal til folk? Det finnes ikke normal, alle er forskjellig og hvis dere tenker dette er ekkelt eller hva det nе enn er dere mener? det finnes mye verre tilfeller i verden, alle trenger en hobby eller noe som skiller seg ut og hvis man skulle fшlge bibelen og sеnt kan du nе ikke fortelle meg om hvordan synet om gud og bibelen og alt det der har endret seg i lшpet av alle disse еrene? Folk fеr vжre det de vil og om noen ska bruke en bibel eller en gud til og fortelle andre om hva som er galt eller ikke sе kan liksе godt gud si det selv? Jeg synes nе personlig at hun her er det ingenting galt med, hun lever bare sitt liv pе egene valg og intresser, hvis dere har noe negativt og komme med sе kan dere like godt oppgi navnet deres fordi det og sitte bak skjermen og prate drit om andre og hakke ned er sе idiotisk som man fеr det. alle har noe som kan virkes rart til en annen men for noen sе er det ikke sеnn. Dere dшmmer at noen tшrr og komme ut med deres indre seg og tydeligvis er tшffere enn de fleste her. Ja det er ikje som dere flest er vant til men det er bare fordi mange folk ikke tшrr og skille seg ut fordi dem mе fшlge andres meninger ellers ender dem opp alene? god dag til dere е og stе pе med samligen. ) Forestn hvis sex skulle kun vжrt for mann og kone sе sier det seg sjшl at over halve verden er fordшmt. Е sikkert ogsе vеr kjжre psykolog her е Beste eksempelet er han som sa han samlet pе brukte tamponger oppenfor her, det er en bra sammenligning - er han sterk og flink ogsе eller feministene? Skjerp dere. Alle kvжr sin hobby. Ingen grunn te е rшnke pе nжsa. La no "Tonje" fе ha hobbyen sin uten at ho blir FRШSE ut av samfunnet. Spesielt? ja, men har det sе mye е si da? hun tшr i det minste е snakke ut om det. Helt enig nett casino no deposit, folk har forskjellige lyster, fordшmmelse blir for dumt, de aller fleste har nok "ett eller annet" som ikke er helt A4 selv. Eh? Hva skjer med alle som er sе butthurt at hun blir kalt felleshull? Det vжrste er vel de som er helt "ееh, fordi hun er jente, er dere felleskuk da eller??" - Ja. Billig kan begge vжre, latterlig at dere alltid skal gjшre det til en kjшnnsdiskusjon. Si ifra Tonje nеr du har 199 sex partnere, jeg stiller gjerne opp som Nr 200, og kondomen fеr du selvsagt beholde :) uansett. samle 10k kondomer. lykke til med е ha et normalt sexliv og kjжrlighets liv --- God moral, etikk, integritet, selvrespekt, verdier, holdninger, som skal lжres opp til ens barn - det er noe som blir mer og mer fjernt i dagens samfunn.
COLLECTIONS EDUCATION Yet it is exactly this knack of drawing lifeblood from modest stones that arguably makes him the perfect man to guide England forward, although there must, of course, be a word or two of caution. Hodgson has signed a contract to take him through to the 2016 European Championship finals in France, a period which, if he sees it through, would represent his longest single managerial placement since his spell with Malmo. That ended in 1989. As much as this writer wants him to succeed, the knowledge is there that Hodgson isn't known as one to hang around. The tonic to that may be that such a nomadic personality has finally taken on a job which will let him lay down some roots. Let's be honest: we put up with it because it amuses us, Redknapp being one of footballs 'characters' and all, but we have effective ways of escaping his wobbly patois. We can switch channel, turn the page or stream some porn. For these guys in the press, Harry is their job. He's their life – seven days a week, twelve months a year (premium rates apply during transfer windows). So what if we’ve gotten it all wrong? Maybe we should actually have been pitying them, for what if getting Redknapp the England job was part of a grand, dastardly plan? It’s a classic hustle: elevate one man to an inflated position of importance, get him sat on the throne, and then when he fails, tear down the walls and set fire to his castle. Except now Redknapp’s frenemies are angry and confused because Hodgson might just be a success, and they'll never have the chance to bring down the man we incorrectly considered to be one of them. It was an inside job this whole time, but now the FA have gone and ruined it all by anointing someone else in Redknapp's place. Their anger will need a new focus and Hodgson, you feel, will make an excellent punching bag. The irony is that after years of flitting between the roguish and the voguish, all this time England had an international manager of their own right under their very noses. It's been a rollercoaster couple of years for Croydon's second son (after Dane Bowers norsk online backgammon, naturally). Having finally started to receive the respect he deserved in his homeland by guiding Fulham from the relegation zone to the Europa League final, Hodgson travelled to Liverpool to take over from the departing Rafa Benitez, who had checked himself into an asylum or something. But what should have been the crowning moment of his career fell flat in no time at all, as, left to chill under the imposing shadow of Kenny Dalglish, he failed to win over players and supporters alike following mixed results and some regrettable purchases. With King Kenny lurking upstairs honing his interview technique, Hodgson was gone in a shade over six months. Maybe they'll stumble, all feverish and off balance, across a snap of a nice sweet potato, or an Instagram of a fresh, juicy parsnip. We can of course rule out the humble cucumber, as it's technically a fruit (something about seeds. but let's not get into that now). Who knows what they'll eventually come up with. There is obviously a whole planet's worth of natural culinary delights to choose from, which makes narrowing the odds a bit tricky, but at the moment I'm thinking radish, largely because it begins with an 'r'. Hvor går veien videre? Hei. Vi vurderer om vi skal gå over til et annet kommentarsystem, og kommer derfor ikke til å prioritere å fikse bugs i nåværende. Vi får vel bare si at foreløpig egner kommentarfeltet seg dessverre dårlig til lengre avhandlinger. Men du kan alltids bruke en break tag eller to for å få linjeskift i mellomtiden.
S Boka «glitterfitter» fra 2009 er en samling av historier skrevet av forskjellige unge damer. Den tar opp tema som kjønnsroller, kroppspress, og forventinger samfunnet har til unge kvinner. Glitterfitter representerer individfeminismen, og den tar ikke opp den systematiske undertrykkinga på noe vis. Den hyller en feminisme som splitter kvinner, og som lar dem “velge” hvilken undertrykking de vil ha. Om det er karrierekvinnen, eller den hjemmeværende kvinnen, så er hun fortsatt begrenset av samfunnets normer og kjønnsroller, og denne “feminismen” er blind for det undertrykkende systemet bak. ¨
Det er ikke opp til meg å definere den nye feminismen, men jeg håper jeg når ut til gode krefter som vil være med å gjenreise kvinnekampen. Bilde 6: Slår som ei jente av Jenteforsvaret (som har gitt lov til å bruke biletet). Sin egen lykkes smed Nytt en dag på blogg.no A long ultra is a mental race. You need a lot of positive attitude in order to finish, because you will always have plenty of reasons to quit. On the other hand, the physical exhaustion brings forward strong emotions. One vivid memory from my ultra debut in 1997 is from the end of the race. The evening was approaching. It was getting cooler. I was entering a small village. The traffic noise resided and I could hear the birds singing. At that time, it dawned upon me that I would probably finish. That feeling of fulfillment, in combination with physical exhaustion, is the reward of the ultra runner. I had experienced hyponatremia, i.e. sodium deficiency. I was poorly acclimatized to heat and was wearing a black t-shirt and black short tights. I was sweating out a lot of precious salt and did not replace it. When the body finds that your blood sodium level is low, it decides to get rid off water in order to keep the balance right. That was me pissing. In the end, I was low on sodium and dehydrated at the same time. Hyponatremia is potentially fatal. Few people know that you can poison yourself to death by drinking water. Otto har løpt langt og lenge, men har i likhet med de fleste andre av oss måtte lære ultraløpingens "triks og mysterier" den harde veien; Altså gjennom egne erfaringer. I det følgende reflekterer han litt etter endelig å ha nådd fram i Spartathlon. The salt of the earth and the light of the world I learned about electrolytes the hard way. Two years ago, I did my first attempt on Spartathlon. The first day and the night went really well. But in the wee hours of the second day, I noticed something strange. Whenever I drank, I needed to urinate shortly after. With the arrival of the new day and the heat, things turned worse. At the 202 km checkpoint, I was hot and shivering at the same time. Since I had promised my family to be careful, and now did not understand what was happening to my body, I signed the paper confirming that I was no longer in the race. DNF. ”Baglerne tok- eller fikk – sitt navn etter bispestaven som ble brukt i det katolske middelaldernorge. Roten er det latinske ordet bacchus, som betyr kjepp/stokk/stav. Baglerne har på denne måten felles etymologi med ordet baguette, det avlange, kjeppformede franske brødet.” Eyvind Bagle Reply to Objection 1. (Of pagan roots) The fact that this practice is not known by European experts yet flourishes among peoples to the north is no objection. To the contrary, this shows how all peoples have the ability to know the truth of natural law ( I lib. de Coelo, lect. xxii; II Sent. D. xiv, a. 2, ad lum). With St. Augustine (II De doctr. Christ. c. xl), we may hold that whatever truths are discovered among the pagans should be adapted by peoples elsewhere (Sum. theol. I, Q. lxxxiv, a. 5). Denne todeling i norsk politikk, på den ene side europeisk liberalisme og på den annen side en nasjonal demokratisme, den vil nok holde seg også i fremtiden. Jeg tror den bunder dypt i vårt folks kultur og historie. Man kan være frekk nok til å si at det går helt tilbake til kampen mellom balgere og birkebeinere, helt i middelalderen. Note the appeals to both European and American models. [I support Colonel v. Hegermann’s suggestion regarding the introduction of a national education, with a live feeling of acclamation emerging from my innermost being. It appears to me obvious that Education ought to convey its powerful nourishment to that germ in the heart of the young, from which the National Character can flow forth in its most lovable form… Truly, such Greenhouses for gymnastics, prudently constituted, must be regarded among those arrangements of Character formation upon which the Nation’s Hope and Dignity depends.] Illustrated by the 1814 Norwegian Constitutional debate on Skiing Oberst (Colonel) Diderich Hegermann, April 21, 1814. President of riksforsamlingen (the Constitutional Convention) March 18-25 1814. (Den Norske Rigs-Forsamlings Forhandlinger paa Eidsvold i Aaret 1814, Christiania. Hefte 4: 37) Summa Gastronomica Q. 98 – Only remaining fragment, found by Andreas Føllesdal in Immanuel Kant’s Nachlass among notes on the Transcendental Deduction of Judgements of Taste. The Norwegian Flag Law of 1898 states that the flag shall be The Norwegian Flag Committee of 1821 chose the colours red, white and blue for the flag. The Committee claimed that red had always been the national colour of Norway. White was chosen as a colour included in the arms of several Norwegian kinds. Moreover, white was the colour of innocence: høirødt, med et mørkeblaat, og af en hvid Kant indfattet Kors, i fire retvinklede Firkanter. The colours of the flag raise methodological difficulties that may easily be expressed in a two-by-two matrix, and hence worthy of scholarly attention. Firstly, does Europeanisation or Globalisation offer the best explanation for the development of national identity? Secondly: are the mechanisms positive. such as modelling, or negative such as aversion and yearning to express difference? Jødiske grupper brakte i sin tur bagels fra Frankrike til Krakov i Polen, hvor de beskrives første gang i 1610. I 1880 importeres bagels til New York, og i løpet av 1960 tallet blir ‘bagels and lox’ — bagels med laks — stadig mer utbredt i USA, for å tilbakeføres til Norge midt på 1990 tallet. Objection 3 Furthermore, though we should often give thanks, we must do so to the proper causes of joy, for instance to the primary author of a treatise. Also, some others may also be thanked. Thus, when an author relies on sources, they may also be praised — as Didicus Stella notes, a dwarf standing on the shoulders of giants sees further than the giants themselves. Such giants may always be praised. But the hosts have only provided the food, which is not the cause of celebration but its means, and means that are now gone. Besides, the hosts may not always have made the food themselves. 13 Historians have shown how the immediate postwar years witnessed the transformation of medicine through the scaling up of laboratory-based biomedicine (Cunningham 1992 ; Keating & Cambrosio 2003; Gaudilliere & Lowy 1998 ). Margaret Lock and Vinh-Kim Nguyen have pointed out that biomedicine can be understood as technologies of bodily governance. Building and extending on Michel Foucault’s notion of biopower, Lock and Nguyen show how biomedical technologies are not only technologies found in clinics and hospitals such as X-ray machines or CT scans, but are highly efficient governing technologies in disseminating biomedicine in lives and worlds. That is, they work as technologies for instance in deploying representative samplings and statistical assessments that target individual bodies as well as communities, nations, and at times the whole world (Lock and Nguyen 2010. 23–24). Thus, in this view, biomedicine is an assemblage of methods, technologies, and infrastructures that are aimed at governing bodies and societies by effective means. ICLA was interested in popularizing the technology of germ-free animal production as it could be adapted to breed animals of known microbial loads, an important technique that would make it possible to divorce the identity of animals from the arbitrary link to local site of production. 19 Christian Lerche, “Avlsstasjon for laboratoriedyr på Bygdøy Kongsgård” [Laboratory Animal Breeding Station at Bygdøy Royal Farm], 1960, Box 781, ANRC; Helge Stormorken “Avlsstasjon for laboratoriedyr på Bygdøy Kongsgård” [Laboratory Animal Breeding Station at Bygdøy Royal Farm], 1960, Archives of the Norwegian Research Council Box781, ANRC. Writing in 1957, William Lane-Petter, a leading British expert on laboratory animal production, provision, and management, identified three formative and interrelated demands that had shaped and sustained the rapid growth of the biomedical sciences during the years immediately following the Second World War: more laboratory animals, better quality laboratory animals, and the growing importance of coordinating responses to these demands at the international level. Lane-Petter identified laboratory animals as a necessary resource for the continued progress and success of the biomedical sciences. Good science required good tools; the quality of research relied on the quality and availability of research tools. The creation of Laboratory Animal Science and Medicine as an auxiliary biomedical discipline in the postwar period, a process in which Lane-Petter played a pivotal role, was a response to these concerns (Kirk 2010 ). Despite arising independently and distinctly at the level of the nation state, characteristic of the laboratory animal problem was the belief that adequate answers could be found only at the international level. In this article we explore how Norwegian national concerns were both informed by, and informed, the international endeavor to co-coordinate a transnational response to questions of laboratory animal production, provision, and management. In doing so we reveal how laboratory animal science and medicine was mutually constituted at the level of national practice and international activity, mobilizing discourses on scientific standards to produce a transnational ideal grounded in material cultures of the laboratory. Erichsen was keen to introduce these techniques into Norway as, if widely established, SPF colonies promised to eradicate the problem of latent infection amongst Norwegian laboratory animal stocks. However spill drink on casino table, despite innovations such as cheap plastic isolator technology, these techniques remained economically challenging as SPF-derived animals were substantially more expensive. As Erichsen explained: “Laboratory animals cost money as other goods. The prices the users have to pay for the animals are of course dependent on many factors, for instance the price of production (feeding, cages, work load, housing etc). The organisation of the work and the size of the production unit will play a part, but so will certain demands for quality.” 29 Erichsen explained that moving to the SPF standard – though initially expensive in terms of upgrading, animal houses, and cost per animal – would in the long term bring economic savings. Due to the higher standard of health, fewer animals would be required to gain the same level of statistical significance in a given experimental procedure. This in turn would allow animal houses to reduce their stocks without undermining their ability to meet the demands of researchers. Many remained skeptical of the economic case for a wholesale switchover to SPF standard. Most researchers were slow to recognize the value of SPF until they witnessed its utility in practice. Consequently, Erichsen adopted a principle to “standardize where it is possible,” by which he meant a program to align Norwegian science with the trajectory of ICLA whilst working with its limits in order to meet its needs. Having upgraded the animal house at the NIPH, Erichsen began transposing the animal stocks to the SPF standard. Unable to initiate an indigenous Norwegian breeding program, he instead opted to refashion the Laboratory Animal Division as an importer and distribution hub for SPF animals sourced from the US commercial producer Charles River (which had opened its first European facility in France the previous year) and from a producer in Denmark. 30 This approach was designed to facilitate Norwegian access to SPF animals whilst enabling users to focus their limited resources on upgrading animal house facilities and learning new husbandry skills necessary to maintain these animals. 31 Erichsen’s strategy thus mediated between local needs and transnational standards, allowing Norway to participate in the international development of laboratory animal science in such a way that satisfied the highly localized circumstances and needs of the Norwegian biomedical sciences. Doing so enabled access to laboratory animals of known backgrounds, defined entirely by their pathogenic loads as opposed to site of production. Accordingly, it would be foolhardy not to learn from ICLA and in doing so enable Norwegian biomedical scientists to participate in the emerging international biomedical community. In this way the existence of ICLA was mobilized to support the development of laboratory science at the national level. The “quality” of Norwegian science was now framed as dependent upon the “quality” of its laboratory animals. To stand outside international processes of standardizing the practices of laboratory animal science and medicine was to risk isolation and most importantly fail to advance science and ensure public health. Participation, on the other hand, would sustain the credibility of Norwegian science on the world stage. In principle, Norwegian biomedical research could contribute on an equal footing with that of any other nation, providing it possessed an auxiliary infrastructure of laboratory animal science that met with agreed international standards of quality. In 1960 Lerche became the first representative of Norway to join ICLA, a move which was intended to catalyze the establishment of a formal “Laboratory Animal Centre for Norway” (ICLA 1961. 11). 21 8 Historiography on the relationship of local to global (particularly in relation to postcolonial studies) is vast. Anderson (2002) provides a useful introduction to the intellectual stakes of such questions for the study of science. 23 A legacy of this is the Scandinavian Society for Laboratory Animal Science (Scand-LAS), established in 1970 as a mechanism to develop Scandinavian laboratory animal science and partly modelled on ICLA. 29 “Ny musestamme” [New mouse strain], Stian Erichsen, 1967. Nytt fra Dyreavdelingen [News from the Animal Division], no. 15. National Library, Oslo. “And I thought we lived in a democratic society without racial prejudices” (Source: SIFF Stalltidende, No. 10, March 1965). the need for laboratory animals is increasing, particularly those of rats and mice, and for several institutions the situation is precarious … researchers have this spring been “out of work” for weeks and months due to the shortage of animals, and last year we had to get animals from different breeders, which resulted in a serious epizootic outbreak that almost spoiled all of the long-term research projects. 10 18 See Asdal 2008 for a study on the controversy of the laboratory and laboratory animals around 1900. 22 Meeting of Consultants on International Co-operation in the field of Laboratory Animals, 3–4th December 1956”, p. 6, File NS/BIOCEL/13; WS/037.18, UA. By the early 1960s access to high quality animals, for research as well as routine diagnostic use, was increasingly recognized by the Norwegian state to be an intrinsic consideration in the wider “fight against epidemics” and consequently a central component in ensuring the health and safety of the Norwegian people (Lerche 1962 ). The link between national health and medical sciences had been established already at the turn of the nineteenth century (Asdal 2008 ); however, the scale of the laboratories, the quantity of animals needed, and the importance of international collaboration due to the transnational character of the diseases (for instance polio), rose to new prominence in the postwar era compared to fifty years earlier. 18 A leading proponent of experimental medicine was Christian Lerche, virologist and director of the National Institute for Public Health, who in 1960 initiated a second wave of agitation for state involvement in the systematization of laboratory animal provision in Norway. Supported by colleagues such as Helge Stormorken (Norwegian School of Veterinary Science), together with visits from Lane-Petter representing the recently formed ICLA (ICLA 1961. 4), the argument for provision was strengthened through the claim that Norway “needed” to develop laboratory animal science if it was to be included in the emerging international biomedical science community. 19 Without critical information on the general health, age, pathogenic and genetic history, Norwegian scientists, it was claimed, would struggle to get their work published in reputable international journals (Lerche 1962 ). Helge Stormorken, a veterinarian, research scientist, and expert in bleeding diseases, wrote to the NRC to press for formal Norwegian participation at ICLA, explaining: “Country after country has witnessed an emerging crisis in providing adequate animal resources to meet the growing demands of the larger scientific research institutions. In our country, we have recently arrived at this point.” 20 Without a transnational space and infrastructure Norwegian laboratory animal science might not have been a successful project. In many ways, it actually wasn’t a success; biomedical science in Norway is crucially dependent on importing animals as production of animals is not of high priority, mostly due to the cost and time-consuming task of producing laboratory animals and due to more experience and suitable infrastructures in other countries such as Sweden and Denmark. The dependency on other countries to ensure sufficient supply of laboratory animals is a fragile contract as even though animals were smoothed into transferable objects, national politics was always posing a threat to the system. Erichsen experienced this fragility in 1967 when animal rights activists in the UK had managed to push a ban on export of laboratory animals to other countries by pointing to the fact that UK regulations were not transgressing borders; how could English citizens know that animals were handled with care in other countries? Erichsen rushed the Ministry of Social Affairs to respond to the British government by stressing how this ban would seriously threaten national biomedicine as the UK was its central provider of SPF animals. 32 Thus even though standardizing the bodies of animals in order to transcend political and scientific differences between nations, the origins of the animals were made central by factors such as animal welfare concerns and national responsibilities. 25 Christian Lerche “Overlevering av det nye viruslaboratorium ved Statens Institutt for Folkehelse” [The new Virus Laboratory at the National Institute of Public Health], 27th April 1960, Box H5, Office for Hygiene, Directorate of Health, Department of Social Affairs, National Archives, Oslo. The needs of research workers are the same in any country. … But the extent to which those needs are met in each country varies, often considerably. It depends on the number and distribution of universities and research institutes; the development of pharmaceutical research and industry, which are the biggest numerical consumers of animals; the presence of commercial suppliers of animals; the country’s geography, which often governs the pattern of supply; and the financial and other resources available for effecting improvements. It is undoubtedly true to say that the poorer a country’s resources for research, the less can it afford to waste them on inferior materials such as bad animals, and the greater the need, therefore, to improve these materials; and the same applies to individual laboratories. From this it follows that the countries less advanced in their research are most in need of help, and it also follows that there is a need in every country. (Lane-Petter 1957. 68) Significantly, the Nordic national surveys, covering Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, were undertaken collectively by Onther F. Bahr of Karolinska Institute, Sweden (ICLA 1957. 3). Throughout the 1950s ICLA treated these countries as one, making the Nordic region what could be termed a “bordered” transnational space. One reason for this was that the biomedical sciences were comparatively modest in each nation state. This, combined with shared strong historical and cultural affinities, had in any case driven a collective Nordic identity for the development of science and technology (Stråth 2006, 133). 23 Nevertheless, an effect of these surveys was to catalyze interest in the laboratory animal problem in nations where laboratory animal science was yet to formalize as a field of expertise and identity. 24 Norway was no exception. In 1963, the Department of Experimental Animal Medicine and Laboratory Animal Supply at the National Institute of Public Health (NIPH) was established as a first step toward a promised Norwegian center. Stian Erichsen, a Norwegian veterinarian who had been working in the animal house of the newly established Department of Virology at the NIPH, was appointed director. By this point the NIPH had become widely known as Norway’s “primary weapon” in the promotion of public health, leading the fight against infectious disease, particularly tuberculosis and polio. 25 Laboratory animals, as has already been stated, were critical to this work. For Erichsen, laboratory animal science provided a means to integrate veterinary expertise into this wider mobilization of biomedicine in the service of Norwegian healthcare. He quickly established himself as a leading expert in laboratory animal science, becoming the first formally appointed “Laboratory Animal Science Veterinarian” in Norway. 26 However, Erichsen was equally committed to the development of laboratory animal science as a transnational expertise. Having inherited Lerche’s role as Norwegian representative at ICLA, Erichsen was appointed to the governing board in 1963. In 1967 he succeeded Lane-Petter as Secretary-General. Thereafter, the international hub of laboratory animal science shifted from the UK to Norway. Erichsen’s entitlement as the head of ICLA was far from given, and in many ways even unforeseen regarding Norway’s size and significance, or lack thereof, in biomedical sciences internationally. As pointed out above, Erichsen’s position in international development was a strategic move for the Norwegian biomedical community, but it was also a strategic move for ICLA, as it would be less controversial for a person representing a country of small-scale research than a representative from a country where biomedical sciences were shaped by a range of strong stakeholders such as industry, animal protection societies and scientists. 3 Norway had since the Second World War actively developed international relations to enable growth in national industry by promoting the development of international regulations and systems of exchange (see Asdal 2011 ). 5 “Meeting of Consultants on International Co-operation in the field of Laboratory Animals, 3-4 December 1956”, File NS/BIOCEL/13; WS/037.18, UNESCO Archives, 7 place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France (hereafter UA). 17 NRC Working group “Nr. 93/58: Innstilling fra NAVFs utvalg for reisning av avlsstasjon for forsøksdyr, 11. desember 1958” [Final report from the NRC Working group on a centralized breeding station for laboratory animal science 11 December 1958] Archives of the Norwegian Research Council, Box 115, ANRC. 20 Helge Stormorken, Letter to NRC, 17 th October 1960, Archives of the Norwegian Research Council, Box 781. ANRC. 28 Held in Liblice and Smolenice, then cities of the Communist Socialist Republic of Czechoslovakia, and supported by UNESCO and the National Institutes of Health of the USA, this meeting is equally illustrative of the way in which laboratory animal science operated to transcend the geopolitical division of Democratic West and Communist East as it was played out in the 1950s and 1960s.The USSR was an active member of ICLA casino i norge jul, for example, albeit one occasionally hampered by inability to attend meetings or pay membership. On the invitation of the Academy of Medical Sciences (Moscow) Lane-Petter visited a number of Soviet facilities between 19 January and 1 February, 1960, noting in particular that Russian laboratory animal science was particularly advanced in the production and husbandry of nonhuman primates (ICLA 1961 ). Failing to sway the government, early Norwegian pioneers of laboratory animal science looked beyond the nation state to bolster their cause. The international development of laboratory animal science could be mobilized to provide new impetus, and a more compelling argument casino i norge offentlig, for state involvement in the organization of national infrastructures for the production, provision, and maintenance of laboratory animals. This was a not a new strategy: After World War II, Norwegian officials were increasingly involved in developing systems and regulations for handling issues concerning energy, environment, and laboratory animals. This work has been important for ensuring a simultaneous growth and protection of national industry and nature (see Asdal 2011 ).
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